Occultism, Eastern Mysticism, Fascism, and Countercultures:
Selected Bibliography

Compiled by Ralph Dumain

“Fascism has awakened a sleeping world to the realities of the irrational, mystical character structure of the people of the world.” — Wilhelm Reich

Nazism & Eastern Mysticism & Religions

Bukharin, Nikolai. Philosophical Arabesques, translated by Renfrey Clarke, with editorial assistance by George Shriver. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2005. With: Introduction: A Voice from the Dead by Helena Sheehan. See Chapter 14: “Hindu Mysticism and Western European Philosophy,” pp. 146-153; Chapter 24: “On So-called Racial Thought,” pp. 224-231. See excerpts: p. 146, 231.

Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism. New York: New York University Press, 1998.

Hale, Christopher. Himmler's Crusade: The True Story of the Nazi Expedition to Tibet. London: Bantam, 2004.

Hübinette, Tobias. Asia as a Topos of Fear and Desire for Nazis and Extreme Rightists as Evidenced in the Case of Asian Studies of Sweden. Paper presented at The Question of Asia in the New Global Order, Asian/Pacific Studies Institute, Duke University, Durham, United States, October 1, 2004.

Kaiwar, Vasant. "The Aryan Model of History and the Oriental Renaissance: The Politics of Identity in the Age of Revolutions, Colonialism, and Nationalism" in The Antinomies of Modernity: Essays on Race, Orient, Nation, ed. Vasant Kaiwar & Sucheta Mazumdar (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), 13-61.

Sarkisyanz, Manuel. Book Review: Hitler, Buddha, Krishna: An Unholy Alliance from the Third Reich to the Present Day.

Trimondi, Victor and Victoria. Hitler, Buddha, Krishna: An Unholy Alliance from the Third Reich to the Present Day. Translation of: Hitler, Buddha, Krishna, Eine Unheilige Allianz Vom Dritten Reich Bis Heute (Wien, Ueberreuter, 2002).

Nazism & Occultism

Anderson, Ken. Hitler and the Occult. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1995.

Angebert, Jean-Michel. The Occult and the Third Reich: The Mystical Origins of Nazism and the Search for the Holy Grail. Translated by Lewis A. M. Sumberg. New York, Macmillan, 1974.

Baker, Alan. Invisible Eagle: The History of Nazi Occultism. London: Virgin, 2000.

Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their influence on Nazi Ideology: the Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890-1935. Foreward by Rohan Butler. New York: New York University Press, 1992.

Levenda, Peter. Unholy Alliance: A History of Nazi Involvement with the Occult; with a foreword by Norman Mailer. 2nd ed. New York : Continuum, 2002.

Pois, Robert. National Socialism and the Religion of Nature. London: Croom Helms, 1985.

Sklar, Dusty. Gods and Beasts: The Nazis and the Occult. New York: T. Y. Crowell, 1977.

Suster, Gerald. Hitler, The Occult Messiah. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981.

Esoterism, Myth, and Fascism

Versluis, Arthur. Review of Steven Wasserstrom's Religion After Religion: Gershom Scholem, Mircea Eliade, and Henry Corbin at Eranos (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1999), Esoterica III (2001): 288-292.

Carl Jung

Clarke, J. J. Jung and Eastern Thought: A Dialogue with the Orient. London; New York: Routledge, 1994.

Noll, Richard. The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Jung. New York: Random House, 1997.

Noll, Richard. The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement. New York: Free Press Paperbacks, 1997. (Originally published: Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.)

Buddhism & Western Fascism

Benavides, Gustavo. "Giuseppe Tucci, or Buddhology in the Age of Fascism", in Curators of the Buddha. The Study of Buddhism Under Colonialism, ed. Donald S. Lopez Jr., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 161-96.

Osterrieder, Markus. "From Synarchy to Shambhala: The Role of Political Occultism and Social Messianism in the Activities of Nicholas Roerich." 1 February 2007. 28 pp. This article is reproduced in a format which permits cut-and-paste operations here.

(Zen) Buddhism & Japanese Fascism

D. T. Suzuki - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States

See also D. T. Suzuki on Zen Buddhism, theism, belief & experience & Revisiting D. T. Suzuki: Selective reading, memory, & embarrassment by R. Dumain on this site.

Faure, Bernard. Chan Insights and Oversights: An Epistemological Critique of the Chan Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Table of contents. Publisher description.

Faure, Bernard. "The Kyoto School and Reverse Orientalism," in Charles Wei-Hsun Fu and Steven Heine, eds., Japan in Traditional and Postmodern Perspectives (Albany: SUNY Press, 1995), pp. 245-281.

Faure, Bernard. The Rhetoric of Immediacy: A Cultural Critique Of Chan/Zen Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991. Publisher description.

Halfmann, Ralf. Zen in the West: A Critical Review of the International Zen Association. March 1999.

Heisig, James W.; Maraldo, John C.; eds. Rude Awakenings: Zen, the Kyoto School, & the Question of Nationalism. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1995.

Hur, Nam-lin. "The Sõtõ Sect and Japanese Military Imperialism in Korea," Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 26/1–2 (1999): 107-134.

Ives, Christopher. "Ethical Pitfalls in Imperial Zen and Nishida Philosophy: Ichikawa Hakugen’s Critique," in Rude Awakenings: Zen the Kyoto School, and the Question of Nationalism; James W. Heisig & John C. Maraldo, eds.; (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995), pp. 16-39.

Kirita Kiyohide. "D.T. Suzuki on Society and the State," in Rude Awakenings: Zen the Kyoto School, and the Question of Nationalism; James W. Heisig & John C. Maraldo, eds.; (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995), pp. 52-74. Translated by Richard Szippl & Thomas Kirchner.

Kubota, Jiun (3rd Patriarch of the Religious Foundation Sanbo-kyodan). Apology for What the Founder of the Sanbo-Kyodan, Haku'un Yasutani Roshi, Said and Did During World War II. (2000 or after.)

Parkes, Graham. "The Putative Fascism of the Kyoto School and the Political Correctness of the Modern Academy," Philosophy East and West, July 1997 V.47, No.3, p. 305ff.

Pincus, Leslie. "In a Labyrinth of Western Desire: Kuki Shuzo and the Discovery of Japanese Being," boundary 2, vol. 18 (3) (1991): 142-156; reprinted in Masao Miyoshi and H. D. Harootunian, eds., Japan in the World (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1993), pp. 222-236.

Sharf, Robert H. "Whose Zen? Zen Nationalism Revisited," in Rude Awakenings: Zen the Kyoto School, and the Question of Nationalism; James W. Heisig & John C. Maraldo, eds.; (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995), pp. 40–51.

Sharf, Robert H. "The Zen of Japanese Nationalism", in Curators of the Buddha. The Study of Buddhism Under Colonialism, ed. Donald S. Lopez Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 107-60.

Sharf, Robert H. "The Zen of Japanese Nationalism," History of Religions, Vol. 33, No. 1. (Aug., 1993), pp. 1-43.

thezensite: essays critical of Zen. Invaluable: abstracts & links to relevant documents.

Victoria, Brian Daizen. "Engaged Buddhism: A Skeleton in the Closet?", Journal of Global Buddhism, vol. 2 (2001): 72-91.

Victoria, Brian (Daizen) A. Zen at War. New York: Weatherhill, 1997.

Reviewed by Vladimir K, January 2005.

Reviewed by David Loy.

Zen Holy War?, book review by Josh Baran. Unabridged. Abridged version published in Tricycle Magazine, May 1998.

Reviewed by Fabio Rambelli, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, Volume 5 (26 June 1998): 347-352, pp. 348-352.

Reviewed by Austin Cline

Victoria, Brian (Daizen) Zen War Stories. London; New York: Routledge Curzon, 2002.

Reviewed by David Loy, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, vol. 11, 2004

Reviewed by Eric Sean Nelson, Journal of Military Ethics, 2003, (2(3)) pp.25-253

Reviewed by Allan M. Jalon, New York Times, Jan 11, 2003

"Zen Social Ethics: Historical Constraints and Present Prospects," Journal of Buddhist Ethics, vol. 13, 2006.

Introduction by Taigen Daniel Leighton [HTML] [PDF]
"Zen as a Social Ethics of Responsiveness" by Thomas Kasulis [HTML] [PDF]
"Satori and the Moral Dimension of Enlightenment" by Dale Wright [HTML] [PDF]
"Wisdom, Compassion, and Zen Social Ethics" by Jin Park [HTML] [PDF]
"Not Buying into Words and Letters: Zen, Ideology, and Prophetic Critique" by Christopher Ives [HTML] [PDF]
"Saving Zen From Moral Ineptitude: A Response" by John Maraldo [HTML] [PDF]

Tibetan Buddhism: The Dark Underbelly

Parenti, Michael. Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth. July 2004.

Trimondi, Victor and Victoria. The Shadow of the Dalai Lama: Sexuality, Magic and Politics in Tibetan Buddhism. Translated by Mark Penny. 2003. Note link to references and critical links to Buddhism & Lamaism. Note chapter 12: Fascist occultism and its close relationship to Buddhist Tantrism.

Gandhi, Racism, & Western Counterculture

Green, Martin. Mountain of Truth: The Counterculture Begins, Ascona, 1900-1920 (Hanover, NH: Published for Tufts University by University Press of New England, 1986). See chapter 8, The Asconan Idea in Politics, pp. 238-253.

Singh, G. B. Gandhi: Behind the Mask of Divinity. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2004.

Singh, G. B. Would the Real Gandhi Please Stand Up? AAH Examiner, Fall, 2002 - Volume 12, Number 3.

Anti-Modernism & Fascism

Antosik, Stanley J. The Question of Elites: An Essay on the Cultural Elitism of Nietzsche, George, and Hesse. Bern; Las Vegas: Peter Lang, 1978.

Olsen, Jonathan. Nature and Nationalism: Right-Wing Ecology and the Politics of Identity in Contemporary Germany. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999. Publisher's description.

Sedgwick, Mark. Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Sternhell, Zeev. The Anti-Enlightenment Tradition, translated by David Maisel. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.

Occultism & Geopolitical Strategy

Buddhism in European & American Culture

Almond, Philip C. The British Discovery of Buddhism. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Table of contents. Publisher description.

Batchelor, Stephen. The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture. London: Aquarian, 1994.

Reviewed by Adriano Lanza, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, Vol 3, 1996

Baumann, Martin. "The Dharma Has Come West: A Survey of Recent Studies and Sources," Journal of Buddhist Ethics, Volume 4 (1997): 194-211.

Crook, John. "The Place of Chan in Post-Modern Europe." Re-edited version of article published in Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal, 13.2 (2000): 549-584.

Downing, Michael. Shoes Outside the Door: Desire, Devotion, and Excess at San Francisco Zen Center. Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 2001.

Fader, Larry A. "Zen in the West: Historical and Philosophical Implications of the 1893 Parliament of Religions," Eastern Buddhist, n.s., 15, no. 2 (1982): 122-45.

Fields, Rick. How the Swans Came to the Lake: A Narrative History of Buddhism in America. 3rd ed., rev. and updated. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications, 1992.

Franklin, J. Jeffrey. The Lotus and the Lion: Buddhism and the British Empire. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008.

Henry, Phil. "The Sociological Implications for Contemporary Buddhism in the UK: Socially Engaged Buddhism, a Case Study," Journal of Buddhist Ethics, vol. 13, 2006. [HTML] [PDF]

Koestler, Arthur. "A Stink of Zen: The Lotus and the Robot (II)," in Encounter 15, no. 4, 1960: 24; reproduced in The Lotus and the Robot (London: Hutchinson and Co., 1961), p. 255.

Lopez , Donald. S., Jr. Buddhism and Science: A Guide for the Perplexed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. (Buddhism and Modernity) Table of contents.

Lopez , Donald. S., Jr., ed. Curators of the Buddha: The Study of Buddhism Under Colonialism. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Lopez , Donald. S., Jr. Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Contents.

McRae, John R. Seeing Through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. Table of contents. Publisher description.

Hershock, Peter D. Review of McRae, John R., Seeing through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism. H-Buddhism, H-Net Reviews. August, 2007.

Peiris, William. The Western Contribution to Buddhism. With a foreword by H. Saddhatissa Maha Thera. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1973.

Prebish, Charles S.; Baumann, Martin; eds. Westward Dharma: Buddhism Beyond Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

Snodgrass, Judith. Presenting Japanese Buddhism to the West: Orientalism, Occidentalism, and the Columbian Exposition. London; Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

Review: Josephson, Jason Ananda. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, vol. 12, 2005.

Tonkinson, Carole, ed. Big Sky Mind: Buddhism and the Beat Generation, introduction by Stephen Prothero. New York: Riverhead Books, 1995.

Reviewed by Richard Hughes Seager, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, Volume 5 (1998) :426.432.

Tweed, Thomas A. The American Encounter with Buddhism, 1844-1912: Victorian Culture and the Limits of Dissent. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.

Taoism (Daoism) in the West

Brecht, Bertolt. Legend of the Origin of the Book Tao-Te-Ching on Lao-Tsu's Road into Exile. 1938.

Walter Benjamin on Bertolt Brecht's Lao Tzu

Clarke, J. J. The Tao of the West: Western Transformations of Taoist Thought. London; New York: Routledge, 2000.

Dumain, Ralph. Daodejing (Tao Te Ching), a new translation. 22 September 2007.

Dumain, Ralph. Taoism & the Tao of Bourgeois Philosophy (review of J. J. Clarke, The Tao of the West). 23 May 2005.

Irwin, Lee. Daoist Alchemy in the West: The Esoteric Paradigms. Esoterica, VI (2004): 31-51.

Pohl, Karl-Heinz. "Play-Thing of the Times: Critical Review of the Reception of Daoism in the West", Journal of Chinese Philosophy, vol. 30, nos. 3 & 4, September/December 2003, pp. 469-486.

"The Euro-Dao that can be spoken of is not the true Euro-Dao, etc." — Peter Sloterdijk

This quote, which prefaces the article, comes from Sloterdijk's untranslated book, Eurotaoismus, Zur Kritik der politischen Kinetik (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1989).

Pohl's article reviews the history of the reception of Taoism (Daoism) in the West. His history of Taoism's role in pop New Age thought of the past half-century is abbreviated, in comparison with the detailed history of Taoism in mainstream western thought. As a bonus, there is some discussion of Zen, which basically follows the Taoist road as far as pop culture is concerned. (Zen is the Japanese term for Chan Buddhism, which originated in China.) Here the Beats are largely responsible, also "Beat Zen" awakened interest in "Square Zen." Little of the interest in Taoism from the beginning to the present was historically informed, though there is recent scholarship on the topic unknown to the general public. Reasons for the popularity of Taoism are given.

This issue of the journal also has an article by my prof. in Chinese philosophy over 30 years ago, Kenneth Inada. He is no less irritating now than then. In fact, this whole issue is annoying . . . (Written 2/14/2004)

Tatlow, Antony. Peasant Dialectics: Reflections on Brecht's Sketch of a Dilemma.

Eastern & Western Philosophy: Historical Studies

Bharati, Swami Agehananda. The Light at the Center: Context and Pretext of Modern Mysticism. Santa Barbara, CA: Ross-Erikson, 1976. See excerpts: Swami Agehananda Bharati on Hindu Fascism & Western Infatuation.

Cho, Joanne Miyang; Kurlander, Eric; McGetchin, Douglas T.; eds. Transcultural Encounters between Germany and India: Kindred Spirits in the Nineteenth and Twentieith Centuries. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

Clarke, J. J. Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought. London; New York: Routledge, 1997.

De Michelis, Elizabeth. A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. London; New York: Continuum, 2004.

Garrett, William. Bad Karma: Thinking Twice About the Social Consequences of Reincarnation Theory. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2005.

Hou Wai-lu. A Short History of Chinese Philosophy, translated by Wang Cheng-Chung. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1959.

Irwin, Lee. Western Esotericism, Eastern Spirituality, and the Global Future, Esoterica III (2001): 1-47. Printer-friendly version.

Jackson, Carl T. "Oriental Ideas In American Thought," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas, vol. 3 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973), pp. 427-439.

Jackson, Carl T. The Oriental Religions and American Thought: Nineteenth-Century Explorations. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981.

Kripal, Jeffrey J. Esalen: America and the Religion of No Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Table of contents. Publisher description.

Kripal, Jeffrey J.; Shuck, Glenn W.; eds. On the Edge of the Future: Esalen and the Evolution of American Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005. Table of contents.

Love, Robert. The Great Oom: The Improbable Birth of Yoga in America. New York: Viking, 2010.

Macfie, Alexander Lyon, ed. Eastern Influences on Western Philosophy: A Reader. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003.

McGetchin, Douglas T. Indology, Indomania, and Orientalism: Ancient India's Rebirth in Modern Germany. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2009.

Mistry, Freny. Nietzsche and Buddhism: Prolegomenon to a Comparative Study. Berlin; New York: W. de Gruyter, 1981. (Monographien und Texte zur Nietzsche-Forschung; Bd. 6)

Monroe, John Warne. Laboratories of Faith: Mesmerism, Spiritism, and Occultism in Modern France. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008.

Morrison, Robert G. Nietzsche and Buddhism: A Study in Nihilism and Ironic Affinities. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Nussbaum, Martha C. The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007.

Owen, Alex. The Place of Enchantment: British Occultism and the Culture of the Modern. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. Table of contents. Publisher description. Amazon.com link.

Falby, Alison. Review of Owen, Alex, The Place of Enchantment. H-Albion, H-Net Reviews. May, 2006.

Stansky, Peter. Review of Owen, Alex, The Place of Enchantment and Alex Owen, The Place of Enchantment: British Occultism and the Culture of the Modern. H-Albion, H-Net Reviews. February, 2008.

Parkes, Graham, ed. Heidegger and Asian Thought. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987.

Carman, Taylor; Van Norden, Bryan. Being-in-the-Way: A Review of Heidegger and Asian Thought, Graham Parkes, ed. July 22, 1997.

Parkes, Graham, ed. Nietzsche and Asian Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Parsons, Howard L. Man East and West: Essays in East-West Philosophy. Amsterdam: B. R. Gr�ner, 1975. xi, 211 pp. (Philosophical Currents; v. 8) See excerpts on this site, esp. Howard L. Parsons on Naturalist vs. Supernationalist Perspectives on Value.

Raju, P. T. “Progress and Indian Philosophy,” Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. 25, no. 1/3, 1944, pp.88-98.

Richey, Jeffrey L. "Review of J. J. Clarke, Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought," H-Ideas, H-Net Reviews, October, 2000.

Riepe, Dale. The Philosophy of India and Its Impact on American Thought. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1970.

Schwab, Raymond. The Oriental Renaissance: Europe’s Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680-1880; translated by Gene Patterson-Black and Victor Reinking; foreword by Edward W. Said. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984.

Syman, Stefanie. The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010.

Treitel, Corinna. A Science for the Soul: Occultism and the Genesis of the German Modern. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Table of contents. Publisher description. Amazon.com link.

Matysik, Tracie. Review of Treitel, Corinna, A Science for the Soul: Occultism and the Genesis of the German Modern. H-German, H-Net Reviews. July, 2005.

Versluis, Arthur. American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Webb, James. The Occult Establishment. La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing. Company, 1976.

Webb, James. The Occult Underground. La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing. Company, 1974. (Rev. ed of The Flight from Reason, 1971.)

Westgeest, Helen. Zen in the Fifties: Interaction in Art between East and West. London: Reaktion Books, Distributed for Waanders Press, 1997.

(Pre-)History of Western Counterculture

Albanese, Catherine L. Nature Religion in America: From the Algonkian Indians to the New Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Antosik, Stanley J. The Question of Elites: An Essay on the Cultural Elitism of Nietzsche, George, and Hesse. Bern; Las Vegas: Peter Lang, 1978.

Green, Martin. Mountain of Truth: The Counterculture Begins, Ascona, 1900-1920. Hanover, NH: Published for Tufts University by University Press of New England, 1986.

Hanegraaff, Wouter J. New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998. (SUNY Series in Western Esoteric Traditions) See esp. chapter 3—New Age Science, and chapter 15—The Mirror of Secular Thought.

Heelas, Paul. The New Age Movement: Celebrating the Self and the Sacralization of Modernity. Oxford, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996.

Webb, James. "The Occult Establishment," in Not Necessarily the New Age: Critical Essays, edited by Robert Basil (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1988), pp. 54-83.

Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture Archives

Kennedy, Gordon, ed. Children of the Sun: A Pictorial Anthology: From Germany to California 1883-1949. Ojai, CA: Nivaria Press, 1998.

New Age & Neo-Fascist Cults

Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. New York: New York University Press, 2002.

Kramer, Joel. The Guru Papers: Masks of Authoritarian Power. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books/Frog, 1993.

Indian Materialism & Skepticism—Alternatives to Indian mysticism & religion

Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad. Indian Philosophy: A Popular Introduction (Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1972 [orig. 1964]), chapter 28: Lokayata, pp. 184-199; notes, pp. 221-223.

Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad. “Science and Philosophy in Ancient India,” in Marxism and Indology, edited by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (Calcutta; New Delhi: K. P. Bagchi & Company, 1981), pp. 231-262.

Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad, ed. Studies in the History of Science in India. Volume 1. New Delhi: Editorial Enterprises, 1992.

Dahr, Niranjan. Vedanta and the Bengal Renaissance. Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1977.

Ramakrishna, G. "Some Loud Thinking About the Bhagavadgita," in Marxism and Indology, edited by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (Calcutta; New Delhi: K. P. Bagchi & Company, 1981), pp. 216-221.

Riepe, Dale. The Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1961.

Sen, Amartya. The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian Culture, History and Identity. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005. Contents. Publisher description. Preface.

Book review: The Reach of Reason, Shunya, May 2006.

Thalheimer, August. Introduction to Dialectical Materialism: The Marxist World View, translated by George Simpson & George Weltner (New York: Covici Friede, 1936), chapter 6: Indian Materialism.

Thrower, James. The Alternative Tradition: Religion and the Rejection of Religion in the Ancient World. The Hague; New York: Mouton, 1980. (Reprinted by Walter de Gruyter, 1979.)

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