The Young Hegelians:
Selected Bibliography

Compiled by Ralph Dumain

The Young Hegelians

Brazill, William J. The Young Hegelians. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970. (Yale Historical Publications. Miscellany; 91.)

Breckman, Warren. “Eduard Gans and the Crisis of Hegelianism,” Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 62, No. 3, July 2001, pp. 543-564.

Breckman, Warren. “Marx and Romanticism,” Critical Review, 2022, pp. 1-25.

Breckman, Warren. Marx, the Young Hegelians, and the Origins of Radical Social Theory: Dethroning the Self. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Breckman, Warren. “The Young Hegelians: Philosophy as Critical Praxis,” in The Cambridge History of Modern European Thought, vol. 1, edited by Warren Breckman and Peter E. Gordon (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2019), pp. 88–110.

Brudney, Daniel. Marx’s Attempt to Leave Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.

"Feuerbach, Marx and the Left Hegelians", special issue of The Philosophical Forum, Vol. VIII, nos. 2-4, 1978, edited by Marx W. Wartofsky & Hans-Martin Sass. (See table of contents below.)

Hellman, Robert J. Berlin—The Red Room and White Beer: The 'Free' Hegelian Radicals in the 1840s. Washington, D.C.: Three Continents Press, 1990. (Time/Space-Artists and Scholars; vol. 2)

Hook, Sidney. From Hegel to Marx: Studies in the Intellectual Development of Karl Marx. With new introduction. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1962. (Originally published 1936)

Kouvelakis, Stathis. Philosophy and Revolution: From Kant to Marx. G. M. Goshgarian (translator), Fredric Jameson (preface). Verso, 2003.

Lowith, Karl; translated by David E. Green. From Hegel to Nietzsche: The Revolution in Ninteeth-Century Thought. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1967. (Original German edition, 1941)

Mah, Harold. The End of Philosophy, the Origin of "Ideology": Karl Marx and the Crisis of the Young Hegelians. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

Macintosh, Robert. Hegel and Hegelianism. Bristol: Thoemmes, 1990.

McLellan, David. The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx. New York: F. A. Praeger, 1969.

Bauer, Marx and religion (extracts)

Stirner, Feurbach, Marx and the Young Hegelians (chapter). Also at archive.org.

Moggach, Douglas, ed. The New Hegelians: Politics and Philosophy in the Hegelian School. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Contents.

The Young Hegelians: An Anthology. Edited by Lawrence S. Stepelevich. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1997. [Originally published: Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983. (Texts in German philosophy)] (See table of contents below.)

Thomas, Paul. Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.

Toews, John Edward. Hegelianism: The Path Toward Dialectical Humanism, 1805-1841. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. (Originally published 1980.)

Toews, John. "Transformations of Hegelianism, 1805-1846", in: The Cambridge Companion to Hegel, edited by Frederick C. Beiser (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 378-413.

Tomasoni, Francesco. Modernity and the Final Aim of History: The Debate over Judaism from Kant to the Young Hegelians. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2010. ((International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives internationales d'histoire des idées; no. 187) Springer publisher's description.

Bruno Bauer (1809-1882)

Barbour, Charles. “Karl Marx, Bruno Bauer and the Ends of Classical German Theology,” Critique, vol. 49, no. 1-2, 2021, pp. 99-116.

Bauer, Bruno. “The Capacity of Present-Day Jews and Christians to Become Free” (1843), translated by Michael P. Malloy, The Philosophical Forum, Vol. VIII, nos. 2-4, 1978, pp. 135-149.

Bauer, Bruno; English translation by Frank E. Schacht. Christ and the Caesars: The Origin of Christianity from Romanized Greek Culture. Charleston, SC: A. Davidonis, 1998.

Bauer, Bruno. Christ and the Caesars: The Origin of Christianity from the Mythology of Rome and Greece (1879), translated by Helmut Brunar and Byron Marchant. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris, 2015.

Bauer, Bruno; edited by Paul Trejo. An English edition of Bruno Bauer's 1843 Christianity Exposed: a recollection of the eighteenth century and a contribution to the crisis of the nineteenth century. Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press, May 2002. (Studies in German Thought and History; v. 23) German original: Das entdeckte Christentum (1843). See also Christianity Exposed (Contents & Author’s Introduction).

Bauer, Bruno; translated by Lawrence Stepelevich. The Trumpet of the Last Judgement against Hegel the Atheist and Antichrist: An Ultimatum. Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press, 1989. (Studies in German Thought and History; v. 5.) (Original German publication, 1841.)

Bauer, Bruno. The Jewish Problem (1843), translated by Helen Lederer. Cincinnati, OH: Hebrew Union College, Jewish Institute of Religion, 1958. (Readings in Modern Jewish History)

De Ridder, Widukind. “The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer Krise und Kritik bei Bruno Bauer: Kategorien des Politischen im nachhegelschen Denken,” Historical Materialism, vol. 19, no. 2, 2011, pp. 160-174.

Engels, Frederick. The Insolently Threatened Yet Miraculously Rescued Bible. Or The Triumph of Faith (To Wit, the Terrible, Yet True and Salutary History of the Erstwhile Licentiate Bruno Bauer; How the Same, Seduced by the Devil, Fallen from the True Faith, Became Chief Devil, and Was Well and Truly Ousted in the End. A Christian Epic in Four Cantos) [December 1842]; in Marx Engels Collected Works, Volume 2 (New York; London; Moscow, 1975), pp. 313-351.

Jenkins, Martin. Substance, Subject, Proletariat (Bruno Bauer. Pathways), 2022.

Kangal, Kaan. “Marx’s ‘Bonn Notebooks’ in Context: Reconsidering the Relationship between Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx between 1839 and 1842,” Historical Materialism, vol. 28, no. 4, 2020, pp. 102–138.

Kohler, George Yaakov. “The Birth of Modern Jewish Theology: Reactions to Bruno Bauer’s Secular Supersessionism,” Journal for the History of Modern Theology / Zeitschrift für Neuere Theologiegeschichte, vol. 28, no. 1, 2021, pp. 1-20.

Landry, Stan Michael, From Orthodoxy to Atheism: the Intellectual Development of Bruno Bauer, Louisiana State University, Master’s Theses, 3891 (2003).

Leopold, David. “The Hegelian Antisemitism of Bruno Bauer,” History of European Ideas, vol. 25, no. 4, 1999, pp. 179-206.

Marx, Karl; Engels, Frederick. The Holy Family, or Critique of Critical Criticism. Against Bruno Bauer and Co. (1845), 2nd rev. ed., translated by Richard Dixon and Clement Dutts. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975. 1956 edition.

Moggach, Douglas. “Bruno Bauer,” in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2002, substantive revision 7 Feb. 2022.

Moggach, Douglas. The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Feb. 2003.

Moggach, Douglas. “The Subject as Substance: Bruno Bauer’s Critique of Max Stirner,” Owl of Minerva, vol. 41, no. 1-2, 2009-10, pp. 63-86.

Rosen, Zvi. Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx: The Influence of Bruno Bauer on Marx's Thought. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1977. (Studies in Social History; 2)

Rosen, Zvi. “The Radicalism of a Young Hegelian: Bruno Bauer,” The Review of Politics, Volume 33, Issue 3, July 1971, pp. 377 - 404.

Schimmenti, Gabriele. “Bruno Bauer’s Critical Theory of Art and Hegel’s Lectures on Aesthetics in 1828-29,” Studi di estetica, anno XLVIII, IV serie, 1/2020, pp. 147-164.

Schimmenti, Gabriele. “Bruno Bauer’s Critical Theory of Tragedy. The Aesthetics of Collision,” Critique, no. 93 (vol. 50, no. 1), 2022, pp. 221-232.

Sørensen, Michael Kuur; Moggach, Douglas. “‘The Republic of Self-Consciousness’: Bruno Bauer’s Post-Kantian Perfectionism,” in Perfektionismus der Autonomie, edited by Douglas Moggach, Nadine Mooren, and Michael Quante (Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, 2020), pp. 203–226.

Bauer's works in German and some related texts also in English can be found at archive.org.

Bruno Bauer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Edgar Bauer (1820-1886)

Bauer, Edgar. Critique’s Quarrel with Church and State, foreword by Widukind De Ridder, translated by Eric v.d. Luft. North Syracuse, NY: Gegensatz Press, 2019.

De Vriese, Herbert. “Not a Man of Solid Principles. The Relevance of Edgar Bauer’s Polemical Portrait of Karl Marx in his 1843 Novella Es leben feste Grundsätze!,” The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, vol. 25, no. 5, 2018, pp. 679-709. Also in:

Marx at 200: New Developments on Karl Marx's Thought and Writings, edited by Gilbert Faccarello and Heinz D. Kurz (London; New York: Routledge, 2020).

Arnold Ruge (1802-1880)

Breckman, Warren. “Arnold Ruge and the Machiavellian Moment,” in Die linken Hegelianer: Studien zum Verhältnis von Religion und Politik im Vormärz, edited by Michael Quante and Amir Mohseni (Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, 2015), pp. 127–140.

Moore, James Willard. Arnold Ruge: A Study in Democratic Caesarism, Ph.D. dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1977.

August Cieszkowski (1814-1894)

Liebich, André. Between Ideology and Utopia: The Politics and Philosophy of August Cieszkowski. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1978. (Sovietica; v. 39)

Pawlaczyk, Krystian. The Idea of Historiosophy in August Cieszkowski’s Early Writing. Berlin: Logos Verlag Berlin, 2021.

Selected Writings of August Cieszkowski. Ed. & trans. with introductory essay by André Liebich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. (Cambridge Studies in the History and Theory of Politics)

Max Stirner (1806-1856)

Balaban, Oded. Subject and Consciousness: A Philosophical Inquiry into Self-Consciousness. Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990. See Chapter 6: The Form of Consciousness in Karl Marx, pp. 101-27.

Blumenfeld, Jacob. All Things are Nothing to Me: The Unique Philosophy of Max Stirner. Winchester, UK; Washington, USA: Zero Books, 2018.

Duncker, Hermann. “Max Stirner’s Philosophy Is Actually Worth Reading,” translation by Jacob Blumenfeld, Jacobin, 4 February 2024.

Carroll, John. Break-out from the Crystal Palace: The Anarcho-Psychological Critique; Stirner, Nietzsche, Dostoevsky. London, Boston: Routledge & K. Paul, 1974.

Clark, John P. Max Stirner's Egoism. London: Freedom Press, 1976.

De Ridder, Widukind. Max Stirner, "Hegel and the Young Hegelians: A Reassessment," History of European Ideas, vol. 34, no. 3, 2008, pp. 285-297. (doi:10.1016/j.histeuroideas.2007.11.001)

Dematteis, Philip Breed. Individuality and the Social Organism: The Controversy between Max Stirner and Karl Marx. New York: Revisionist Press, 1976. (Men and Movements in the History and Philosophy of Anarchism)

Dietzgen, Eugene. “An Illustration of the Proletarian Method of Research and Conception of the World. Max Stirner and Joseph Dietzgen” (March 1905), in Some of the Philosophical Essays on Socialism and Science, Religion, Ethics, Critique-of-reason and the World-at-large by Joseph Dietzgen (Chicago: Charles Kerr & Co., 1906), pp. 35-77. Translated by Ernest Untermann, slightly improved by Richard O. Hamill and Svein O. G. Nyberg (Edinburgh 1998).

Ferguson, Kathy E. “Saint Max Revisited: A Reconsideration of Max Stirner,” Idealistic Studies, Volume 12, Issue 3, September 1982, pp. 276-292.

Green, Alexander. “Stirner and Marx,” non serviam #23, April 2006. See also Editor's Word.

Leopold, David. “The Non-Essentialist Perfectionism of Max Stirner,” in Perfektionismus der Autonomie, edited by Douglas Moggach, Nadine Mooren, and Michael Quante (Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, 2020), pp. 269–289.

Mackay, John Henry. Max Stirner: His Life and His Work, translated from the 3rd German edition by Hubert Kennedy. Concord, CA: Peremptory Publications, 2005. Also at libcom.

Mcleish, Alastair. "Against Max Stirner: A Defence of Marxism's Humanist Standpoint," non serviam #23, April 2006. See also Editor's Word by Svein Olav Nyberg. Originally published in Studies in Marxism, no. 10 (2004), pp 85-100.

Moiso, Davide. Ego and Existance: Existentialism and the Absolute Individual in the Philosophy of Max Stirner and Julius Evola.

Moore, John. "Lived Poetry: Stirner, Anarchy, Subjectivity and the Art of Living," in Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age, edited by Jonathan Purkis and James Bowen (Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press, 2004), pp. 55-72.

Paterson, R. W. K. The Nihilistic Egoist Max Stirner. Aldershot: Gregg Revivals, 1993. (Originally published: Oxford: Oxford University Press for the University of Hull, 1971.)

Schiereck, Larry Alan. Max Stirner's Egoism and Nihilism. Master's Thesis, San Diego State University, Summer 1981, rev. 1996.

Stepelevich, Lawrence. "Hegel and Stirner: Thesis and Antithesis," Idealistic Studies, 6 (Sept. 1976), pp. 263-278.

Stepelevich, Lawrence. "Max Stirner and Ludwig Feuerbach," Journal of the History of Ideas, 39 (July-Sept. 1978), pp. 451-463.

Stepelevich, Lawrence. "Max Stirner as Hegelian," Journal of the History of Ideas, 46 (Oct.-Dec. 1985), pp. 597-614.

Stepelevich, Lawrence S. Max Stirner on the Path of Doubt. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2020.

Stepelevich, Lawrence. "The Revival of Max Stirner," Journal of the History of Ideas, 35 (April-June 1974), pp. 323-328.

Stirner, Max; translated by Steven T. Byington; introduction by J.L. Walker. The Ego and His Own. New York; Benjamin R. Tucker, 1907. (The translation reprinted several times by various publishers with different editors.) (Originally published in German, 1844)

Stirner, Max; translated by Robert H. Beebe; ed. by James J. Martin. The False Principle of Our Education: Or, Humanism and Realism. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles Publisher, Inc., 1967.

Stirner, Max. Stirner’s Critics, translated by Frederick M. Gordon, The Philosophical Forum, Volume 8, number 2-3-4, 1976.

Stirner, Max. Stirner’s Critics, translated by Wolfi Landstreicher (2017?).

Stirner, Max. Stirner’s Critics, translated by Wolfi Landstreicher, introduction by Jason McQuinn. Berkeley, CA: LBC Books; Oakland, CA: Columbia Alternative Library, 2012. 128 pp.

Stirner, Max. The Unique and Its Property, a new translation with introduction by Wolfi Landstreicher. Baltimore: Underworld Amusements, 2017.

Walther, Helmut. "Nietzsche and Stirner: Comments on a Text by Bernd A. Laska (2002)."

Welsh, John F. Max Stirner's Dialectical Egoism: A New Interpretation. Lanham, MD; Lexington Books, 2010.

Max Stirner - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also the Max Stirner sections of The Union of Egoists (with Criticism), the old Non Serviam & the old Egoist Archive sites (with links to the other Young Hegelians); Max Stirner web site; LSR project; Max-Stirner-Archiv Leipzig. Texts by and about Stirner can be found in The Anarchist Library.

Moses Hess (1812-1875)

Avineri, Shlomo. Moses Hess: Prophet of Communism and Zionism. New York: New York University Press, 1985. (Modern Jewish Masters series; no. 1)

Hess, Moses; translated, with introduction and notes by Meyer Waxman; introduction to the Bison Book edition by Melvin I. Urofsky. The Revival of Israel: Rome and Jerusalem, the Last Nationalist Question. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995. (Previously published: 1943.)

Koltun-Fromm, Ken. Moses Hess and Modern Jewish Identity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.

Silberner, Edmund. The Works Of Moses Hess; An Inventory of His Signed and Anonymous Publications, Manuscripts, and Correspondence. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1958.

Silberner, Edmond. Moses Hess, An Annotated Bibliography. New York, B. Franklin, 1951. (Burt Franklin Bibliographical Series; no. 4)

Weiss, John. Moses Hess, Utopian Socialist. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1960. (Wayne State University Studies; no.8)

The Young Hegelians: Selected Bibliography

Compiled by Ralph Dumain

Edgar Bauer (1820-1886)

Arnold Ruge (1802-1880)

The Young Hegelians:
Selected Bibliography