Preface   7

Part 1: Reason, Universality, and
   Contemporary European Culture

  Manfred Buhr

  The Courage to Reason   11

  Jacques D’Hondt

  Philosophy at the Starting Point of Europe   19

  Joachim C. Horn

  Self-Consciousness‑Soul‑Conscience.

  Three Focal Points of European Culture   27

  Reinhard Lauth

  On the Present World Historical Situation

  in Light of Transcendental Cognition   33

  Marco Ivaldo

  Levels of Ethical Practice.

  Reflections in Light of Fichte’s Transcendental Philosophy   41

  Jindrich Filipec

  Contradictions in the European Spiritual Heritage and

  Controversies over its Implementation in the World Today   49

  Michael Fischer

  Everyday Fundamentalism:

  Spiritual Remainders on the Market of Entertainment‑Culture   61

  José Barata‑Moura

  Universalism: In Search of Concrete Reason   71

  Eduardo Chitas

  Five Theses on the Europe of the Mind   77

  Eugénio Lisboa

  To be universal or to be national?   85

  Jacob E. Mabe

  African Philosophy and the Conflict between

  Eurocentrism and Afrocentrism   89

Part II: Reason and Universality in Historical Perspective

  Quintín Racionero

  The Controversy over Nation and Empire.

  A Case Study: The Reaction of the Spanish Intelligentsia

  to the Flemish Revolution (1560‑1648)   101

  Concha Roldán

  Leibniz' Concept of Europe

  Between Nationalism and Universalism   147

  Juha Manninen

  Travelling to a Fountain of the Enlightenment   163

  Arnold Schölzel

  The Social Question in the European Philosophical Tradition 173

  Douglas Moggach

  Conceptions of Intersubjectivity

  in the European Intellectual Tradition 179

  Wolf-Dieter Gudopp-von Behm

  The Right of Modernity and Forms of its Denial 199

  Jacques D’Hondt

  The Europe of Utopias 211

  Xavier Tilliette

  Do We Need More of Europe? 219

  Andras Gedö

  Rationality, History, Philosophy:

  On the Origins of the Concept of Post‑History   225

  The Contributors: Principal Publications   241